# 4.3.8 Payment Gateways

### **4.3.8.1 Payment Gateway Introduction**

The Payment Gateway mechanism within the DGT network is a specialized node designed to efficiently handle and manage DEC transactions while interfacing seamlessly with conventional payment gateways. These include, but are not limited to, Stripe, Bank Terminal, PayPal, and Mastercard Gateway, ensuring a smooth transition and exchange between DEC tokens and fiat currencies.

The introduction of the Payment Gateway within the DGT ecosystem is essential for a variety of reasons. The primary being, it allows for the secure exchange between the native DEC tokens and external currencies, accommodating both individuals and legal entities through meticulously designed buy and sell operations.

Understanding that the arena of digital transactions is deeply entangled with regulatory considerations, the Payment Gateway's implementation is aligned with local regulatory frameworks. A robust KYC process is integral to its operation, ensuring that transactions are compliant, transparent, and secure, aligning with the standards set by PCI DSS for data protection and security.

### **4.3.8.2 Operational S**cheme

* **User Registration**: Users must register their payment details. This data is encrypted and stored securely, adhering strictly to PCI DSS requirements.
* **Transaction Initiation**: Users initiate transactions by freezing the requisite number of DEC tokens on an intermediate account.
* **Payment Process**: The payment gateway then interfaces with external platforms like Stripe to facilitate fiat payments.
* **Transaction Confirmation**: Upon successful fiat payment, the frozen DEC tokens are transferred accordingly.

### **4.3.8.3 Payment Gateway Architecture**

The Payment Gateway operates as a node within the DGT network with dual responsibilities. It manages DEC transactions and interacts simultaneously with established payment gateways.

* **Transaction Layer**: This layer is responsible for initiating, validating, and processing DEC transactions within the network. It handles the freezing and unfreezing of tokens and ensures that transactions adhere to the protocol.
* **Interface Layer**: The Interface Layer communicates actively with external payment gateways. It is designed to translate DEC transactions into formats recognizable by platforms like Stripe, ensuring smooth transitions between different transaction models and currencies.

### **4.3.8.4 Enhanced Security Protocols**

Security is non-negotiable. The Payment Gateway employs state-of-the-art cryptographic techniques to secure transaction data. Beyond encryption, it implements additional security protocols and redundancy measures to safeguard against data breaches and unauthorized access, providing a secure environment for transaction processing.

### **4.3.8.5 Minting**

DGT Network harnesses a distinctive minting operation to acknowledge nodes that bolster its framework. It moves beyond the conventions of typical blockchains by adopting a _Directed Acyclic Graph_ (_DAG_), enabling a novel reward mechanism and operational progression. Serving as a reward mechanism, the MINTING command set relates to tokens granted to nodes in exchange for their transaction support and adherence to other _Service Level Agreements_ (_SL&#x41;_&#x73;). This encourages active node participation, fostering a vibrant and productive network ecosystem. The minting operation, guided by the MINTING command set, dispenses tokens to nodes. This happens under specific conditions, ensuring nodes maintain their adherence to certain Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The objective remains to bolster active participation, culminating in a robust network. Key features of the minting process:

1. **Initiation & Token Distribution for Minting:**

* **Initial Emission**: Minting initiation mandates an initial token release—Total Supply. Furthermore, it requires stipulating token distribution parameters, with allocations for immediate consortium use (direct network reinforcement) and minting (commonly 80%).
* **Emission Distribution Through Epochs**: The tokens designated for minting are disseminated via the epoch mechanism. The function n(t) defines the time-bound tokenomics model set during emission. Time progresses not continuously, but in epochs—Tepoch. Each epoch entails a specific token quantity determined by the nepoch model and the participating nodes Nnodes with their individual SLAs.

2. **Heartbeat Mechanism: The Network’s Pulse:**

* **Conceptual Overview**: The heartbeat mechanism is the linchpin for gauging “network time.” By tapping into the DAG’s events and leaning on decentralization, the distributed heartbeat ensures every cluster leader pioneers a heartbeat transaction on the succeeding DAG branch, maximizing network outreach.
* **Impact of Network Activity**: The rhythm of the heartbeat is congruent with network transactional vitality. A reduction in transactions induces a deceleration in heartbeat frequency. Parameters like "_dgt.dag.step_" (embedded in the genesis block) and the period parameter for the heartbeat transaction modulate this frequency.

3. **Unraveling the Heartbeat Protocol with DAG:**

By capitalizing on the DAG, the DGT Network achieves differentiation. Every transaction processed by the network experiences a “nesting” or branching procedure influenced by:

o   The transaction’s family type.

o   The overarching network topology, usually swayed by distinct clusters.

This procedure guarantees the formulation of directed graph branches with each transaction, linking an uptick in network activity with branch proliferation, thereby setting a benchmark for the network's operational status.

4. **Epoch Management in Minting:**

**Minting Epochs**: These epochs dictate the token issuance protocol for supportive nodes. The two pivotal epoch management approaches are:

* **Automated Epoch Transition**: This is contingent on the DAG branch count, with an uptick in branches denoting epoch progression. This automation reflects the network's vibrancy.
* **Manual Epoch Control**: This offers the consortium the latitude to manually earmark epochs, functioning as a safety net during testing or abnormal scenarios.

5. **Minting Epoch Operations:**

Even though the heartbeat furnishes an insight into the network's vitality, it remains aloof from the epoch or minting step. Epoch processing demands a multi-signature DAO or a predefined emission timetable. Nodes take the initiative to launch the mint command, ensuring their reward allocation. This process, albeit manual by default, can be automated using prevalent cron tools, aligning with a pre-set schedule accessible through the "_epoch -info_" command.

6. **Command Suite for Minting:**

Acting as the primary reward mechanism, the MINTING command set allocates tokens to nodes, recognizing their support in transaction processing and compliance with Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The intent is to stimulate active involvement, nurturing a resilient and dynamic network ecosystem.

<table data-header-hidden><thead><tr><th width="85.33333333333331"></th><th width="149"></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>#</td><td>Command</td><td>Description</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>mint</td><td>Nodes regularly employ this primary command. In response and given certain prerequisites like epoch markers and productive node transactions, the network disburses the appropriate token count.</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>epoch -info</td><td>Nodes can leverage this command to procure a log of past and impending epochs.</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>epoch set</td><td>The consortium can utilize this command, supplemented with specific parameters, to configure the epoch timetable.</td></tr></tbody></table>

7. **Reward Mechanisms Beyond Minting**:

While minting predominantly focuses on a uniform transaction representation, it doesn't encapsulate transaction complexity nuances. To counterbalance this limitation, the DGT Network offers other rewarding avenues:

* **Transaction Processing**: The number of transactions a node processes within a certain time frame serves as a pivotal reward metric.
* **Tipping Mechanism**: For intricate or "heavy" transactions, nodes might garner additional "- _tips_".
* **Staking Mechanisms**: Alongside transaction-centric rewards, nodes can avail benefits from various staking mechanisms.

8. **Minting and Banking: An Interconnected Ecosystem in the DGT Network**

In the ever-evolving world of decentralized systems, the DGT Network introduces an intricate balance between minting and banking dynamics. At the outset, this balance might seem peculiar; however, it underscores a brilliant architecture tailored for enhanced utility and value distribution. The process initiates with the startup of the network, marking the genesis of this intricate ecosystem. Post this inception, an emission procedure ensues, acting as the fountainhead of tokens within the system. This emission process sets the stage for the next pivotal phase: minting. During minting, active nodes, instrumental in upholding the network's integrity, are rewarded with tokens for their efforts and adherence to stipulated SLAs.

Now, this is where things take an intriguing turn. Rather than merely hoarding these tokens, nodes take on a role reminiscent of traditional banks. They contribute actively to the economic flux by either selling these tokens or rewarding users who consistently engage in transactions. This mechanism doesn't just ensure liquidity but also fosters a sense of community and shared responsibility.

&#x20;In essence, nodes metamorphose into banking entities of the DGT ecosystem. Their pivotal role ensures a smooth flow of tokens, akin to how banks regulate fiat currencies in conventional systems. By mediating and managing the distribution of tokens amongst users, they help weave an intricate web of transactions, rewards, and economic activity, making them indispensable pillars of the DGT's financial landscape.

<figure><img src="https://3210145376-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FSvanFNAf6Jf8kwvqcdRQ%2Fuploads%2FIz71fv69NNAO6QWnJ2RS%2Fimage_2023-10-17_111451146.png?alt=media&#x26;token=b26d4c86-8cd5-4a2d-a218-551a23c4da79" alt=""><figcaption><p><em>Figure 68. MINTING AND BANKING WORKFLOW</em></p></figcaption></figure>

### **4.3.8.6 Tokenization**

This functionality enables the issuance of secondary tokens, bolstering the platform's capability to handle complex financial structures. This includes the tokenization of real-world assets for purchase and sale within the DGT ecosystem. Given the intricate nature of these operations, they operate in close conjunction with notary nodes and leverage the advanced features of the DGT platform.

The DGT Network introduces a unique tokenization approach by serializing token processing methods. Instead of creating redundant definitions for tokens on Ethereum using individual smart contracts, DGT has devised a token factory mechanism. This streamlined approach enables the creation of multiple fungible, non-fungible, or even semi-fungible tokens through the factory, eliminating the inefficiencies associated with managing individual contracts.

**Key Differentiators:**

* **Efficiency**: Transaction families in DGT accelerate the token implementation process. This method reduces the overhead typically associated with verifying each smart contract, leading to diminished fees and enhanced security.
* **Flexibility**: While DGT encourages serialized token processing, it doesn’t confine users solely to this method. Custom, non-standard tokens can still be created via smart contracts if unique functionalities are required.
* **Consistency with Ethereum**: DGT upholds the foundational logic of Ethereum-based smart contracts. It retains all essential fields, adheres to mandatory methods, but offers a more efficient handling approach. Instead of embedding processing methods within the contract, DGT employs specialized DEC family commands, enhancing the transactional speed.

**Token Registration and Processing:**

The cornerstone of DGT's token approach is its ability to register a digital object using target commands. The subsequent processing of these tokens within the DGT network is managed by the associated transaction family. A significant advantage of this mechanism is the interoperability it offers. Tokens on DGT can be converted into standard smart contract tokens. They can also be migrated across different networks, for instance, as ERC-20, BEP-20, or TRC-20 tokens. Moreover, users retain the capability to export any token as a dedicated smart contract.

Like any technical approach, such a solution has its advantages and limitations.

**Advantages**:

* **Streamlined Process**: The token factory significantly reduces the complexities tied to creating and managing multiple tokens.
* **Cost-efficiency**: By cutting down on the verification of individual smart contracts, transaction costs are reduced.
* **Enhanced Security**: The serialized method offers robust security measures, ensuring safer token transactions.
* **Interoperability**: The DGT token system has been built with adaptability in mind, allowing tokens to be effortlessly migrated across different platforms.

**Limitations**:

* **Learning Curve**: For those familiar with the traditional Ethereum token creation process, there might be an initial learning curve associated with grasping DGT's token factory concept.
* **Token Factory Maintenance**: Continuous updates and oversight are necessary to ensure the token factory remains efficient, especially with evolving crypto standards and requirements.

In the evolving landscape of digital tokenization, the DEC family introduces a comprehensive suite of commands tailored to provide users with the ability to efficiently manage and interact with various token types within the DEC ecosystem. These commands, designed to be intuitive and robust, cater to an array of functionalities — from token creation and validation to advanced operations like importing from or exporting to smart contracts. Each command is meticulously crafted to correspond to specific methods inherent to different token standards. Moreover, with the DEC system's commitment to transparency and adaptability, every token created is automatically associated with a unique object ID, ensuring traceability and enhanced management. Presented below is a detailed table delineating these commands, their required parameters, and a brief description of their underlying functions:

<table data-header-hidden><thead><tr><th width="57"></th><th width="187"></th><th width="209"></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>#</td><td>Command</td><td>Parameters</td><td>Description</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>dec createtoken</td><td>-signingKey &#x3C;key> -tokenType &#x3C;type></td><td>Creates a new token in the DEC ecosystem. This command internally calls the initialization methods of the respective token standards. An associated object with a unique ID is also automatically created and can be linked to an account.</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>dec validatetoken</td><td>-tokenID &#x3C;id> -signingKey &#x3C;key></td><td>Validates the integrity and authenticity of a token. It calls internal validation methods and checks if the token follows its respective standard's requirements.</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>dec getparams</td><td>-tokenID &#x3C;id></td><td>Fetches basic parameters of a token such as its name, symbol, total supply, etc. This calls properties from the associated token standard.</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>dec burntoken</td><td>-signingKey &#x3C;key> -tokenID &#x3C;id> -amount &#x3C;amt></td><td>Destroys a specific amount of tokens from the caller's account. This command interacts with the burn() method of the respective token standard.</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>dec importfromcontract</td><td>-contractAddress &#x3C;address> -signingKey &#x3C;key></td><td>Imports a token from an existing smart contract into the DEC ecosystem. This involves interaction with the respective transfer method and other validations.</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>dec exporttocontract</td><td>-contractAddress &#x3C;address> -signingKey &#x3C;key> -tokenID &#x3C;id></td><td>Exports a token from the DEC system back to an external smart contract. Involves the transfer() method and ensures token properties are maintained outside DEC.</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>dec getobjectid</td><td>-tokenID &#x3C;id></td><td>Retrieves the associated object ID of a given token. This provides the unique associated object ID for a token in the DEC ecosystem.</td></tr></tbody></table>

The provided parameters enable command specificity, allowing users to interact with the DEC system effectively and securely. Different commands might share some parameters like -_signingKey_ for authentication or _-tokenID_ to specify the token, while others have unique parameters suited to their operation.
